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Pigeonhole Principle Worksheet for Maths Olympiad

Maths Olympiad topic 23: Pigeonhole and worst case · Set 148 · 40 questions
TalentJR

How to solve it (Think of the unluckiest case): Imagine the unluckiest draws: how many can you take and still NOT have what you want? Add 1 to that number — the next one must give it. Pigeonhole: with n boxes (colours, months, days), n × (k − 1) + 1 things make sure some box has at least k.

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  1. 1.A bag has 3 yellow balls and 5 white balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 8 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 2
  2. 2.A drawer has lots of red, green, white, yellow and black socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 10 (d) 5
  3. 3.A bag has 10 yellow balls and 7 white balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 white balls? (a) 12 (b) 17 (c) 2 (d) 11
  4. 4.What is the smallest number of children in a group that makes sure at least three of them were born in the same day of the week? (a) 14 (b) 15 (c) 22 (d) 21
  5. 5.A bag has 9 yellow balls and 6 blue balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 blue balls? (a) 10 (b) 2 (c) 15 (d) 11
  6. 6.A drawer has lots of yellow, black and blue socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 2
  7. 7.A drawer has lots of black and red socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 4
  8. 8.What is the smallest number of children in a group that makes sure at least two of them were born in the same month? (a) 24 (b) 12 (c) 13 (d) 25
  9. 9.A drawer has lots of red, green and blue socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 3 (d) 2
  10. 10.A bag has 7 blue balls and 9 green balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 2 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 16
  11. 11.A drawer has lots of black, white, yellow, blue and red socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 10 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) 6
  12. 12.A bag has 6 black balls and 8 green balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 7 (b) 14 (c) 2 (d) 9
  13. 13.A bag has 8 yellow balls and 9 blue balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 blue balls? (a) 9 (b) 10 (c) 2 (d) 17
  14. 14.What is the smallest number of children in a group that makes sure at least four of them were born in the same month? (a) 49 (b) 48 (c) 36 (d) 37
  15. 15.A drawer has lots of green, red and blue socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 2
  16. 16.A drawer has lots of blue, black and yellow socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 6 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 2
  17. 17.A drawer has lots of black, white, green, yellow and blue socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 10 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 2
  18. 18.A bag has 7 green balls and 3 black balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 8 (b) 10 (c) 4 (d) 2
  19. 19.A drawer has lots of red, yellow, blue and black socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 5
  20. 20.A bag has 6 white balls and 4 blue balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 10 (d) 7
  21. 21.A bag has 8 yellow balls and 4 black balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 black balls? (a) 9 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) 2
  22. 22.What is the smallest number of children in a group that makes sure at least two of them were born in the same day of the week? (a) 15 (b) 14 (c) 8 (d) 7
  23. 23.A bag has 12 blue balls and 3 red balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 red balls? (a) 14 (b) 15 (c) 2 (d) 13
  24. 24.What is the smallest number of children in a group that makes sure at least four of them were born in the same day of the week? (a) 28 (b) 21 (c) 29 (d) 22
  25. 25.A bag has 9 red balls and 8 blue balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 blue balls? (a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 2 (d) 17
  26. 26.A bag has 8 red balls and 8 blue balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 blue balls? (a) 16 (b) 2 (c) 10 (d) 9
  27. 27.A drawer has lots of white and black socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) 3
  28. 28.A bag has 7 blue balls and 12 red balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 8 (b) 2 (c) 19 (d) 13
  29. 29.A bag has 5 yellow balls and 6 blue balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 blue balls? (a) 7 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) 11
  30. 30.A drawer has lots of red, green, yellow and white socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 5 (d) 2
  31. 31.A bag has 8 green balls and 12 blue balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 blue balls? (a) 9 (b) 20 (c) 10 (d) 2
  32. 32.A drawer has lots of red and green socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 4
  33. 33.A drawer has lots of yellow and green socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 2
  34. 34.A bag has 9 black balls and 9 blue balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 blue balls? (a) 10 (b) 18 (c) 2 (d) 11
  35. 35.A bag has 8 black balls and 5 blue balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 2 (b) 9 (c) 6 (d) 13
  36. 36.What is the smallest number of children in a group that makes sure at least three of them were born in the same month? (a) 36 (b) 37 (c) 24 (d) 25
  37. 37.A bag has 10 yellow balls and 5 green balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 15 (d) 11
  38. 38.A drawer has lots of black, white, blue, green and yellow socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) 10
  39. 39.A bag has 4 white balls and 8 red balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 red balls? (a) 2 (b) 12 (c) 5 (d) 6
  40. 40.A bag has 9 white balls and 10 red balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 red balls? (a) 19 (b) 2 (c) 10 (d) 11

Answer key

  1. 6
  2. 6
  3. 12
  4. 15
  5. 11
  6. 4
  7. 3
  8. 13
  9. 4
  10. 10
  11. 6
  12. 9
  13. 10
  14. 37
  15. 4
  16. 4
  17. 6
  18. 8
  19. 5
  20. 7
  21. 10
  22. 8
  23. 14
  24. 22
  25. 11
  26. 10
  27. 3
  28. 13
  29. 7
  30. 5
  31. 10
  32. 3
  33. 3
  34. 11
  35. 9
  36. 25
  37. 11
  38. 6
  39. 6
  40. 11

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