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Pigeonhole Principle Worksheet for Maths Olympiad

Maths Olympiad topic 23: Pigeonhole and worst case · Set 176 · 40 questions
TalentJR

How to solve it (Think of the unluckiest case): Imagine the unluckiest draws: how many can you take and still NOT have what you want? Add 1 to that number — the next one must give it. Pigeonhole: with n boxes (colours, months, days), n × (k − 1) + 1 things make sure some box has at least k.

NameDateTime takenScore ___ / 40
  1. 1.What is the smallest number of children in a group that makes sure at least four of them were born in the same day of the week? (a) 28 (b) 22 (c) 21 (d) 29
  2. 2.A drawer has lots of red, blue, black, yellow and white socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 6 (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) 10
  3. 3.What is the smallest number of children in a group that makes sure at least two of them were born in the same month? (a) 13 (b) 24 (c) 25 (d) 12
  4. 4.A bag has 7 red balls and 8 white balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 white balls? (a) 9 (b) 15 (c) 8 (d) 2
  5. 5.A bag has 5 green balls and 7 white balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 12 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) 8
  6. 6.A bag has 3 yellow balls and 8 white balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 4 (b) 11 (c) 2 (d) 9
  7. 7.A bag has 6 green balls and 7 yellow balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 yellow balls? (a) 13 (b) 7 (c) 2 (d) 8
  8. 8.A bag has 4 blue balls and 8 white balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 white balls? (a) 12 (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) 6
  9. 9.What is the smallest number of children in a group that makes sure at least three of them were born in the same day of the week? (a) 21 (b) 22 (c) 15 (d) 14
  10. 10.A bag has 12 green balls and 11 white balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 white balls? (a) 14 (b) 2 (c) 23 (d) 13
  11. 11.A bag has 7 white balls and 7 yellow balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 yellow balls? (a) 14 (b) 8 (c) 2 (d) 9
  12. 12.A bag has 3 blue balls and 4 white balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 white balls? (a) 7 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 5
  13. 13.A bag has 8 red balls and 11 yellow balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 2 (b) 9 (c) 19 (d) 12
  14. 14.A bag has 4 red balls and 10 white balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 white balls? (a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 5 (d) 14
  15. 15.A bag has 5 white balls and 7 green balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 6 (b) 2 (c) 12 (d) 8
  16. 16.A drawer has lots of black, yellow, blue, red and white socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 10 (d) 2
  17. 17.A drawer has lots of red and yellow socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 5 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 3
  18. 18.A drawer has lots of yellow, green and white socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 6 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 2
  19. 19.A bag has 10 blue balls and 8 yellow balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 yellow balls? (a) 12 (b) 2 (c) 11 (d) 18
  20. 20.A bag has 10 green balls and 9 red balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 red balls? (a) 12 (b) 2 (c) 19 (d) 11
  21. 21.A bag has 11 red balls and 12 yellow balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 12 (b) 23 (c) 13 (d) 2
  22. 22.A bag has 8 white balls and 8 red balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 red balls? (a) 2 (b) 16 (c) 9 (d) 10
  23. 23.A bag has 12 yellow balls and 5 green balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 17 (d) 13
  24. 24.A bag has 11 yellow balls and 7 blue balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 2 (b) 8 (c) 18 (d) 12
  25. 25.A bag has 9 blue balls and 9 yellow balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 yellow balls? (a) 11 (b) 18 (c) 10 (d) 2
  26. 26.A bag has 8 blue balls and 11 yellow balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 9 (b) 19 (c) 12 (d) 2
  27. 27.A bag has 5 yellow balls and 6 red balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 red balls? (a) 6 (b) 11 (c) 7 (d) 2
  28. 28.A bag has 4 blue balls and 5 red balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 9 (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) 6
  29. 29.A bag has 10 red balls and 9 white balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 white balls? (a) 12 (b) 19 (c) 2 (d) 11
  30. 30.A bag has 5 yellow balls and 3 red balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 2
  31. 31.A bag has 11 red balls and 8 white balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 9 (b) 12 (c) 2 (d) 19
  32. 32.A bag has 8 black balls and 10 green balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 green balls? (a) 9 (b) 2 (c) 10 (d) 18
  33. 33.A drawer has lots of blue, green, white, yellow and red socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 10 (d) 6
  34. 34.A drawer has lots of white, green and black socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 3 (d) 2
  35. 35.A drawer has lots of black, red, blue and green socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 8
  36. 36.A bag has 7 yellow balls and 8 black balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 15 (b) 2 (c) 8 (d) 9
  37. 37.A bag has 7 blue balls and 10 white balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 8 (b) 2 (c) 17 (d) 11
  38. 38.What is the smallest number of children in a group that makes sure at least two of them were born in the same day of the week? (a) 8 (b) 7 (c) 14 (d) 15
  39. 39.A bag has 10 white balls and 11 red balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 2 (b) 21 (c) 12 (d) 11
  40. 40.A drawer has lots of red, blue and black socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 6

Answer key

  1. 22
  2. 6
  3. 13
  4. 9
  5. 8
  6. 9
  7. 8
  8. 6
  9. 15
  10. 14
  11. 9
  12. 5
  13. 12
  14. 6
  15. 8
  16. 6
  17. 3
  18. 4
  19. 12
  20. 12
  21. 13
  22. 10
  23. 13
  24. 12
  25. 11
  26. 12
  27. 7
  28. 6
  29. 12
  30. 6
  31. 12
  32. 10
  33. 6
  34. 4
  35. 5
  36. 9
  37. 11
  38. 8
  39. 12
  40. 4

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