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Pigeonhole Principle Worksheet for Maths Olympiad

Maths Olympiad topic 23: Pigeonhole and worst case · Set 498 · 40 questions
TalentJR

How to solve it (Think of the unluckiest case): Imagine the unluckiest draws: how many can you take and still NOT have what you want? Add 1 to that number — the next one must give it. Pigeonhole: with n boxes (colours, months, days), n × (k − 1) + 1 things make sure some box has at least k.

NameDateTime takenScore ___ / 40
  1. 1.What is the smallest number of children in a group that makes sure at least three of them were born in the same month? (a) 36 (b) 37 (c) 24 (d) 25
  2. 2.A drawer has lots of red, black and white socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2
  3. 3.A drawer has lots of red and white socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 5
  4. 4.A bag has 4 red balls and 4 green balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 green balls? (a) 2 (b) 8 (c) 5 (d) 6
  5. 5.A bag has 11 red balls and 7 black balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 black balls? (a) 13 (b) 18 (c) 12 (d) 2
  6. 6.A bag has 3 yellow balls and 9 red balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 red balls? (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 12
  7. 7.A drawer has lots of blue, white, red, yellow and green socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 10
  8. 8.A bag has 9 yellow balls and 6 red balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 red balls? (a) 11 (b) 10 (c) 15 (d) 2
  9. 9.What is the smallest number of children in a group that makes sure at least four of them were born in the same day of the week? (a) 28 (b) 29 (c) 22 (d) 21
  10. 10.A bag has 9 green balls and 10 yellow balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 10 (b) 2 (c) 19 (d) 11
  11. 11.A bag has 3 white balls and 6 red balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 red balls? (a) 9 (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) 4
  12. 12.What is the smallest number of children in a group that makes sure at least two of them were born in the same day of the week? (a) 15 (b) 8 (c) 14 (d) 7
  13. 13.A bag has 11 white balls and 5 blue balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 16 (b) 12 (c) 6 (d) 2
  14. 14.A bag has 4 yellow balls and 5 green balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 2 (b) 9 (c) 5 (d) 6
  15. 15.A drawer has lots of black, white, red, green and yellow socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) 10
  16. 16.A drawer has lots of red and green socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 4
  17. 17.A drawer has lots of yellow, red and black socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 6 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 2
  18. 18.A bag has 8 blue balls and 7 green balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 green balls? (a) 2 (b) 15 (c) 9 (d) 10
  19. 19.A drawer has lots of white, red and yellow socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 6 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 3
  20. 20.A bag has 3 black balls and 6 white balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 9 (b) 7 (c) 4 (d) 2
  21. 21.What is the smallest number of children in a group that makes sure at least two of them were born in the same month? (a) 24 (b) 13 (c) 25 (d) 12
  22. 22.A bag has 6 black balls and 11 red balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 red balls? (a) 17 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 2
  23. 23.A bag has 3 green balls and 4 white balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 7
  24. 24.A drawer has lots of green, black, red and blue socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 5 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 8
  25. 25.A drawer has lots of yellow and white socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 4
  26. 26.A bag has 12 green balls and 8 black balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 black balls? (a) 20 (b) 2 (c) 13 (d) 14
  27. 27.A bag has 5 red balls and 8 blue balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 2 (b) 13 (c) 9 (d) 6
  28. 28.A bag has 6 yellow balls and 11 blue balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 2 (b) 7 (c) 12 (d) 17
  29. 29.A bag has 5 green balls and 9 white balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 white balls? (a) 14 (b) 7 (c) 2 (d) 6
  30. 30.A drawer has lots of black and yellow socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 2
  31. 31.A drawer has lots of blue, yellow and white socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2
  32. 32.What is the smallest number of children in a group that makes sure at least three of them were born in the same day of the week? (a) 22 (b) 15 (c) 14 (d) 21
  33. 33.A bag has 12 yellow balls and 11 green balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 green balls? (a) 2 (b) 23 (c) 14 (d) 13
  34. 34.A bag has 6 white balls and 10 yellow balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 16 (b) 7 (c) 2 (d) 11
  35. 35.A bag has 4 green balls and 8 black balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 black balls? (a) 12 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 2
  36. 36.A drawer has lots of red, yellow, blue and black socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 2 (b) 8 (c) 4 (d) 5
  37. 37.A bag has 11 yellow balls and 3 blue balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 blue balls? (a) 12 (b) 13 (c) 2 (d) 14
  38. 38.A bag has 8 green balls and 3 white balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 white balls? (a) 11 (b) 9 (c) 2 (d) 10
  39. 39.A bag has 8 black balls and 9 white balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 white balls? (a) 17 (b) 10 (c) 9 (d) 2
  40. 40.A bag has 5 blue balls and 4 red balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 red balls? (a) 2 (b) 7 (c) 9 (d) 6

Answer key

  1. 25
  2. 4
  3. 3
  4. 6
  5. 13
  6. 5
  7. 6
  8. 11
  9. 22
  10. 11
  11. 5
  12. 8
  13. 12
  14. 6
  15. 6
  16. 3
  17. 4
  18. 10
  19. 4
  20. 7
  21. 13
  22. 8
  23. 5
  24. 5
  25. 3
  26. 14
  27. 9
  28. 12
  29. 7
  30. 3
  31. 4
  32. 15
  33. 14
  34. 11
  35. 6
  36. 5
  37. 13
  38. 10
  39. 10
  40. 7

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