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Pigeonhole Principle Worksheet for Maths Olympiad

Maths Olympiad topic 23: Pigeonhole and worst case · Set 811 · 40 questions
TalentJR

How to solve it (Think of the unluckiest case): Imagine the unluckiest draws: how many can you take and still NOT have what you want? Add 1 to that number — the next one must give it. Pigeonhole: with n boxes (colours, months, days), n × (k − 1) + 1 things make sure some box has at least k.

NameDateTime takenScore ___ / 40
  1. 1.A bag has 3 white balls and 6 black balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 black balls? (a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 9
  2. 2.A bag has 10 white balls and 9 red balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 19 (b) 11 (c) 2 (d) 10
  3. 3.What is the smallest number of children in a group that makes sure at least two of them were born in the same day of the week? (a) 15 (b) 7 (c) 14 (d) 8
  4. 4.What is the smallest number of children in a group that makes sure at least three of them were born in the same month? (a) 24 (b) 36 (c) 25 (d) 37
  5. 5.A drawer has lots of blue, black, white and green socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 2
  6. 6.A bag has 8 blue balls and 6 white balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 white balls? (a) 2 (b) 10 (c) 14 (d) 9
  7. 7.A bag has 6 black balls and 6 red balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 red balls? (a) 8 (b) 12 (c) 2 (d) 7
  8. 8.A drawer has lots of black and red socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 5
  9. 9.A bag has 12 yellow balls and 8 blue balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 blue balls? (a) 20 (b) 2 (c) 14 (d) 13
  10. 10.A drawer has lots of blue, green and red socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 6
  11. 11.A bag has 11 green balls and 9 yellow balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 2 (d) 12
  12. 12.A bag has 10 yellow balls and 11 green balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 2 (b) 12 (c) 21 (d) 11
  13. 13.A bag has 10 green balls and 9 white balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 white balls? (a) 11 (b) 19 (c) 12 (d) 2
  14. 14.A drawer has lots of blue, white and red socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 3 (d) 2
  15. 15.A drawer has lots of black, green, red and yellow socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 5 (b) 2 (c) 8 (d) 4
  16. 16.A bag has 7 yellow balls and 8 black balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 2 (b) 9 (c) 8 (d) 15
  17. 17.A bag has 12 black balls and 4 blue balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 13 (b) 16 (c) 2 (d) 5
  18. 18.A bag has 8 red balls and 11 blue balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 9 (b) 19 (c) 2 (d) 12
  19. 19.A bag has 7 yellow balls and 3 blue balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 10 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 8
  20. 20.A drawer has lots of white and blue socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 3
  21. 21.A bag has 8 yellow balls and 11 black balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 black balls? (a) 2 (b) 19 (c) 9 (d) 10
  22. 22.What is the smallest number of children in a group that makes sure at least three of them were born in the same day of the week? (a) 14 (b) 22 (c) 15 (d) 21
  23. 23.A bag has 4 white balls and 9 yellow balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 2 (b) 13 (c) 10 (d) 5
  24. 24.A bag has 8 blue balls and 6 green balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 green balls? (a) 2 (b) 14 (c) 9 (d) 10
  25. 25.What is the smallest number of children in a group that makes sure at least four of them were born in the same month? (a) 49 (b) 36 (c) 37 (d) 48
  26. 26.A bag has 11 green balls and 5 blue balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 blue balls? (a) 16 (b) 13 (c) 2 (d) 12
  27. 27.A drawer has lots of blue, red and black socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 3
  28. 28.A bag has 7 white balls and 7 red balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 red balls? (a) 2 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) 14
  29. 29.A bag has 5 white balls and 4 blue balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 blue balls? (a) 9 (b) 6 (c) 2 (d) 7
  30. 30.A drawer has lots of black, red and yellow socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 6
  31. 31.A bag has 12 yellow balls and 11 black balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 black balls? (a) 23 (b) 2 (c) 14 (d) 13
  32. 32.A bag has 10 blue balls and 4 black balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 11 (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) 14
  33. 33.A bag has 5 blue balls and 4 yellow balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 2 (d) 9
  34. 34.A drawer has lots of blue, black, yellow, red and green socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 2 (b) 10 (c) 6 (d) 5
  35. 35.A drawer has lots of black, blue and yellow socks, all mixed up. In the dark, how many socks must you take out to be sure of getting a matching pair? (a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 2
  36. 36.A bag has 3 red balls and 12 blue balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 blue balls? (a) 2 (b) 15 (c) 4 (d) 5
  37. 37.A bag has 3 green balls and 9 white balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 10 (b) 12 (c) 4 (d) 2
  38. 38.A bag has 7 blue balls and 6 black balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting at least one ball of each colour? (a) 13 (b) 8 (c) 2 (d) 7
  39. 39.A bag has 10 yellow balls and 8 black balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 black balls? (a) 18 (b) 12 (c) 11 (d) 2
  40. 40.A bag has 3 yellow balls and 11 red balls. Without looking, how many balls must you take out to be sure of getting 2 red balls? (a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) 14

Answer key

  1. 5
  2. 11
  3. 8
  4. 25
  5. 5
  6. 10
  7. 8
  8. 3
  9. 14
  10. 4
  11. 12
  12. 12
  13. 12
  14. 4
  15. 5
  16. 9
  17. 13
  18. 12
  19. 8
  20. 3
  21. 10
  22. 15
  23. 10
  24. 10
  25. 37
  26. 13
  27. 4
  28. 9
  29. 7
  30. 4
  31. 14
  32. 11
  33. 6
  34. 6
  35. 4
  36. 5
  37. 10
  38. 8
  39. 12
  40. 5

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