Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 11th Biology Textbook Solutions

Chapter 1 Living world Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

1. Choose correct option

Question A.
Which is not a property of living being?
a. Metabolism
b. Decay
c. Growth
d. Reproduction
Answer:
b. Decay

Question B.
A particular plant is strictly seasonal plant. Which one of the following is best suited if it is to be studied in the laboratory?
a. Herbarium
b. Museum
c. Botanical garden
d. Flower exhibition
Answer:
a. Herbarium



Question C.
A group of students found two cockroaches in the classroom. They had a debate whether they are alive or dead. Which life property will help them to do so?
a. Metabolism
b. Growth
c. Irritability
d. Reproduction
Answer:
c. Irritability

Question 2.
Distinguish between botanical gardens, zoological park and biodiversity park with reference to characteristics.
Answer:

No.	Botanical Gardens	Zoological Parks	Biodiversity Parks
1.	Plants of different varieties collected from different parts of the world are grown in vivo in a scientific and systematic manner in a botanical garden.	Zoological parks are places where wild animals are kept in captivity.	It is an assemblage of species that form self-sustaining communities on degraded barren landscape.
2.	It is a type of ex situ conservation.	It is a type of ex situ conservation.	It is a type of in situ conservation.
3.	It is related to conservation of various	It is related to conservation of various fauna.	It is related to conservation of all biodiversity.

No.

Biodiversity Parks

3. Answer the following questions

Question A.
Jijamata Udyan, the famous zoo in Mumbai has acclimatised humbolt penguins. Why should penguins be acclimatised when kept at a place away from their natural habitat?
Answer:

Hence, Humboldt penguins need to be acclimatised to their new surroundings, when kept at a place away from
their natural habitat.



Question B.
Riya found peculiar plant on her visit to Himachal Pradesh. What are the ways she can show it to her biology teacher and get information about it?
Answer:

Question C.
At Andaman, authorities do not allow tourists to collect shells from beaches. Why it must be so?
Answer:

Question D.
Why do we have green house in botanical gardens?
Answer:

Hence, in order to provide optimum temperature for better growth and flowering and also to protect the plants from certain diseases, there are greenhouses in botanical gardens.

Question E.
What do you understand from terms like in situ and ex situ conservation?
Answer:



4. Write short notes

Question A.
Role of human being in biodiversity conservation.
Answer:

Question B.
Importance of botanical garden.
Answer:
The importance of botanical gardens is as follows:



Question 5.
How can you, as an individual, prevent the loss of Biodiversity?
Answer:
As individuals, we can prevent loss of biodiversity in the following ways:

Practical / Project :

Question 1.
Make herbarium under the guidance of your teacher.
Answer:
Students are expected to perform the given activity by themselves under the guidance of their teacher.

Question 2.
Find out information about any one sacred grove (devrai) in Maharashtra.
Answer:
Sacred groves in Maharashtra are located in districts like Ahmednagar, Bhandara, Chandrapur, Jalgaon, Kolhapur, Nashik, Pune, Raigad, Ratnagiri, Sangli, Satara, Sindhudurg, Thane, Yavatmal.
[Source: Data as per C.P.R. Environment Education Centre, Chennai.]
e. g. Sacred grove of Parinche valley, Pune district of Maharashtra:

The Parinche valley region is comprised of the inaccessible rear part of the Purandhar fort and its surrounding valley region and is situated about 63 km to the southeast of Pune city and 18 km from Saswad town. The total area of the valley region is about 132 sq. km. Parinche is the biggest village and a nodal place in the valley. The majority (12) of the documented groves are located in the Kaldari and Pangare zones. The size of the sacred groves has however reduced due to various human related activities that have taken place in recent years.

The biggest sacred grove in the Parinche valley belongs to Buvasaheb of Tonapewadi and spreads over an area of 4.80 hectares. The forest types are unique to the groves. Presence of key species in the sacred groves varies from region to region. Two key tree species, i.e. Terminalia bellerica and Ficus spp., are present in these sacred groves which have almost disappeared from the surrounding areas. Large buttressed trees are another important feature of well-preserved sacred groves. The presence of these tree species indicates the vegetation of the past and also the type of potential vegetation that can be regenerated in these regions.

[Source: Waghchaure, C. K., Tetali, P., Gunale, V. R., Antia, N. H., & Birdi, T. J. (2006). Sacred Groves of Parinche Valley of Pune District of Maharashtra, India and their Importance. Anthropology & Medicine, 13(1), 55-76]
[Students can refer the given answer and search for more information about other sacred groves on their own.]

11th Biology Digest Chapter 1 Living World Intext Questions and Answers

Can you recall? (Textbook Page No. 1)

Question 1.
Whether all organism are similar? Justify your answer.
Answer:
No, all organisms are not similar.



Question 2.
What is the difference between living and non-living things?
Answer:

	Living Things	Non-living Things
a.	Living things show growth from within.	Non-living things show growth by accumulation of materials on their surface.
b.	They reproduce asexually or sexually, except mules, sterile worker bees, infertile males.	They do not reproduce.
c.	They perform metabolism in order to obtain energy.	No metabolic changes occur in non-living things.
d.	They show irritability and respond to changes in their surroundings.	They do not show irritability.
e.	They undergo ageing and eventually die.	Non-living things do not have a finite life span.

Living Things

Non-living Things

Question 3.
Enlist the characters of living organisms.
Answer:
The basic principles of life are as follows:

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No. 1)

Question 1.
Whether all organisms prepare their own food?
Answer:
No, all organisms do not prepare their own food. Organisms that prepare their own food are known as autotrophs (e.g. Green plants, certain microbes). These organisms prepare their own food in the presence of sunlight, water and carbon dioxide.

Question 2.
Which feature can be considered as all-inclusive characteristic of life? Why?
Answer:
Metabolism can be considered as an all-inclusive (defining) feature of life since it is exhibited by all living organisms and does not take place in non-living things.

Another all-inclusive characteristic of life is responsiveness or irritability. This is a unique property of living beings since all living beings are conscious of their surroundings.



Question 3.
How can we study large number of organisms at a glance?
Answer:
Systematic study of organisms with the help of taxonomical aids can be used to study a large number of organisms at a glance.

Can we call? (Textbook Page No. 1)

Question 1.
Reproduction as inclusive character of life?
Answer:
No, we cannot call reproduction as an inclusive character of life. Certain organisms like mules and worker bees do not reproduce and are still living. Thus, reproduction cannot be considered as an all inclusive defining characteristic of living organisms.

Think about it (Textbook Page No. 1)

Question 1.
Can metabolic reactions demonstrated in a test tube (called ‘in vitro’ tests) be called living?
Answer:

Question 2.
Now a days patients are declared ‘brain dead’ and are on life support. They do not show any sign of self-consciousness. Are they living or non-living?
Answer:
The brain controls all life processes. Hence, when a patient is declared as ‘brain dead’, he does not carry out any of the inclusive defining characters of living things (e.g. metabolism, consciousness, etc.) and is completely dependent on machines. Since, such patients do not show any sign of self-consciousness, these patients cannot exactly be called as living.



Internet my friend (Textbook Page No. 2)

Question 1.
Collect information about Prof. Almeida, Prof. V. N. Naik, Dr. A. V. Sathe, Dr. P. G. Patwardhan with reference to their taxonomic work and biodiversity conservation.
Answer:
i. Prof. Almeida:
Prof. (Dr.) Marselin R. Almeida was a renowned Plant Taxonomist and Medicinal Plant Consultant of India. He was a curator at the Blatter Herbarium (Mumbai). He discovered four new species of pteridophytes from Bombay presidency. His work includes – Pteridophytes of Maharashtra and Flora of Mahabaleshwar. He has contributed to the Flora of Maharashtra, Sawantwadi and its adjoining areas along with Dr. S. M. Almeida.

ii. Prof. V. N. Naik:
Prof. V. N. Naik is a renowned ‘Angiosperms Taxonomist’ of India. He completed the Flora of Marathwada. He has produced 15 Ph.D., 110 research articles and 6 books. His book on ‘Taxonomy of Angiosperms’ (Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 1984) is widely used throughout the world. He is currently a faculty of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad.
[Source: http://www. bamu. ac. in/dept-of-botany/Achievements, aspxj]

iii. Dr. A. V. Sathe:
Collection and taxonomic studies of mushrooms in Maharashtra started around 1974. Prof. A.V. Sathe and his team were amongst the first to begin these studies. They recorded 75 species distributed in 43 genera. These species were collected from Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala. The collection of these species was documented in the form of a Monograph on Agaricales.
[Source: Borkar P., Doshi A., Navathe D. (2015) Mushroom diversity of Konkan region of Maharashtra, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa. 7(10): 7625-7640]

iv. Dr. P. G. Patwardhan:
Dr. Patwardhan and his associates at the M.A.C.S. Research Institute, Pune-renamed as Agharkar Research Institute (ARI), Pune have performed detailed studies on lichens. His school is in possession of over 600 species of crustose lichens, obtained after intensive collection programmes. These specimens have been deposited in the Ajarekar Mycological Herbarium in the Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology at the M.A.C.S. Research Institute, Pune.
[Source: http://lib.unipune.ac.in:8080/xmlui/bitstreamfhandle/l23456789/7451/07_introduction.pdf? sequence=7&is Allowedly]
[Students are expected to find more information on their own.]

Can you tell? (Textbook Page No. 3)

Question 1.
What are the essentials of a good herbarium?
Answer: The essentials of a good herbarium are as follows:

Question 2.
Why does the loss of biodiversity matter?
Answer:

Question 3.
Why should we visit botanical gardens, museums and zoo?
Answer:

Find out (Textbook Page No. 4)

Question 1.
Human being is at key position in maintaining biodiversity of earth. Find out more information about the following.
i. Laws to protect and conserve biodiversity in India.
Answer:
a. Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
b. Biological Diversity Act, 2002
c. Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
d. Environment Protection Act, 1986
[Students can find out more laws to protect and conserve Biodiversity in India ]



ii. Environmental effects of ambitious projects like connecting rivers or connecting cities by constructing roads.
Answer:
Connecting rivers or connecting cities by constructing roads have the following environmental effects:
a. They form barriers to animals.
b. Construction of roads requires cutting down of trees and results in large scale deforestation.
c. They occupy large land resources resulting in loss of habitat of various species.
d. It can alter the water flow pattern and damage many ecosystems.
e. Increase in air, water, soil and noise pollution can disturb various animals and birds, thus affecting their behavioural pattern.

iii. Did bauxite mining in Western Ghats affect critically endangered species like – Black panther, different Ceropegia spp., Eriocaulon spp. ?
Answer:
a. The Western Ghats, is one of the global biodiversity hotspots and retains more than 30% of all plant, aquatic, reptile, amphibian and mammal species found in India.

b. Recently, this ecologically sensitive region has been subjected to various developmental activities that have adversely affected the flora and fauna of the region.

c. Bauxite mining is one such activity which has had significant negative impact on the local environment. To access bauxite ore deposits, the above-ground vegetation needs to be completely removed, causing large scale deforestation. The vegetation in the adjoining area is also affected due to dumping.

d. The major threats of this activity include vegetation loss, forest fragmentation and biodiversity loss.
e. Since most mines fall in Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZ), it has seriously affected the flora and fauna of the Western Ghats.

f. Black panthers have frequently been spotted at various locations in the Western Ghats and mining in these areas can seriously affect their health and numbers.

g. Certain species of Ceropegia and Eriocaulon that are endemic in the area have been reported to be critically endangered.

[Source: Chandore A. (2015) Endemic and threatened flowering plants of Western Ghats with special reference to Konkan region of Maharashtra. Journal of Basic Sciences. 2 (21-25)]
Hence it is most likely that bauxite mining in Western Ghats has adversely affected the critically endangered species like – Black panther, different Ceropegia spp., Eriocaulon spp.

Internet my friend (Textbook Page No. 4)

Question 1.
i. Collect information about botanical gardens, zoological parks and biodiversity hotspots in India.
Answer:
a. Botanical gardens in India:

No.	Botanical Gardens of India	Location
1.	Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden	Kolkata
2.	Lloyd Botanical Garden	Darjeeling
3.	National Botanical Research Institute	Lucknow
4.	Botanical Garden of the Forest Research Institute	Dehradun
5.	The State Botanical Garden	Odisha
6.	Botanical Garden	Saharanpur
7.	Government Botanical Garden	Ootacamund

b. Zoological Parks in India:

No.	Zoological parks	Location	Type of animals
1.	Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park	Pune [Katraj]	Reptiles, mammals, birds. They have a snake park.
2.	Jijamata Udyan	Mumbai	Endangered species of animals and birds.
3.	Nehru Zoological Park	Hyderabad	3500 species of birds, animals and reptiles.
4.	Indira Gandhi Zoological Park	Vishakhapatanam	Primates, carnivores, small mammals, reptiles and birds.
5.	Padmja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park	Darjeeling	Endangered animals like snow leopards, red pandas, gorals (mountain goat), Siberian tigers and a variety of endangered bird species.
6.	Allen Forest Zoo	Kanpur	Hyena, Bear, Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus, Langoor, Musk deer. Ostrich, Emu, Crane etc.
7.	Lucknow Zoo	Lucknow	Royal Bengal Tiger, White Tiger, Gibbon, Black Bear, Asiatic Elephant, Great pied, Horn Bill etc.
8.	Alipore Zoological Gardens	Kolkata	Royal Bengal Tiger, African Lion, Hippopotamus, Great Indian One-homed Rhinoceros.
9.	The Madras Crocodile Bank Trust	Chennai	Crocodiles and many species of turtles, snakes and lizards.
10.	Parassinikkadavu Snake Park	Kannur	Spectacled Cobra, King Cobra, Russell’s Viper, Krait and Pit Viper.

No.

Type of animals

c. Biodiversity hotspots in India:

No.	Biodiversity Hotspots
1.	The Eastern Himalayas (Arunachal Pradesh, Bhutan, Eastern Nepal)
2.	Indo – Burma (Purvanchal Hills, Arakan Yoma, Eastern Bangladesh)
3.	The Western Ghats and Srilanka

No.

Biodiversity Hotspots



ii. Collect information of endemic flora and fauna of India.
Answer:
a. Endemic flora:
Albizia sikharamensis (Mimosaceae), Argvreia arakuensis (Convolvulaceae), Arundinella setosa (Poaceae), Acacia diadenia (Mimosaceae), Citrus assamensis (Rutaceae), Magnolia bailloni (Magnoliaceae), etc.
[Source: http://www. bsienvis. nic. in/Database/E_3942. aspx]

b. Endemic fauna:
Bare Bellied Hedgehog (Paraechinus nudiventris), Andaman Shrew (Crocidura andamanensis), Aruanchal Macaque (Macaca munzala), Car Nicobar Rat (Rattus palmarum), Peter’s Tube-nosed Bat (Harpiola grisea) etc.
[Source: http://faunaofindia.nic.in/PDFVolumes/spb/056/index.pdf]
[Students are expected to use the given sources and find more information on their own.]