Balbharti Maharashtra State Board 12th Biology Textbook Solutions

Chapter 10 Human Health and Diseases Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

1. Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which of the following is NOT caused by unsterilized needles?
(a) Elephantiasis
(b) AIDS
(e) Malaria
(d) Hepatitis
Answer:
(a) Elephantiasis

Question 2.
Opium derivative is …………………
(a) Codeine
(b) Caffeine
(c) Heroin
(d) Psilocybin
Answer:
(c) Heroin



Question 3.
The stimulant present in tea is …………………
(a) tannin
(b) cocaine
(C) caffeine
(d) crack
Answer:
(c) caffeine

Question 4.
WhIch of the following Is caused by smoking?
(a) Liver cirrhosis
(b) Pulmonary tuberculosis
(c) Emphysema
(d) Malaria
Answer:
(c) Emphysema

Question 5.
An antibody is …………………
(a) molecuic that binds specifically an antigen
(b) WBC which invades bacteria
(c) secretion of mammalian RBC
(d) cellular component of blood
Answer:
(a) molecule that binds specifically an antigen

Question 6.
The antiviral proteins released by a virus-infected cell are called …………………
(a) histamines
(b) interferons
(c) pyrogens
(d) allergens
Answer:
(b) interferons

Question 7.
Both B-cells and T-cells are derived from …………………
(a) lymph nodes
(b) thymus glands
(c) liver
(d) stem cells in bone marrow
Answer:
(b) thymus glands

Question 8.
Which of the following diseases can be contracted by droplet infection?
(a) Malaria
(b) Chicken pox
(c) Pneumonia
(d) Rabies
Answer:
(c) Pneumonia

Question 9.
Confirmatory test used for detecting HIV infection is …………………
(a) ELISA
(b) Western blot
(c) Widal test
(d) Eastern blot
Answer:
(b) Western blot

Question 10.
Elephantiasis is caused by …………………
(a) W. barterofti
(b) P. vivax
(c) Bedbug
(d) Elephant
Answer:
(a) W. bancrofti

Question 11.
Innate immunity is provided by …………………
(a) phagocytes
(b) antibody
(c) T-lymphocytes
(d) B-lymphocytes
Answer:
(c) T-lymphocytes

2. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is the source of cocaine?
Answer:
Source of cocaine is coca plant – Erythroxylum coca.

Question 2.
Name one disease caused by smoking.
Answer:
Emphysema. (Damaged and enlarged lungs causing breathlessness)

Question 3.
Which cells stimulate B-cells to form antibodies ?
Answer:
Helper T-cells stimulate B-cells to form antibodies.

Question 4.
What does the abbreviation AIDS stand for?
Answer:
AIDS stands for Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome.

Question 5.
Name the causative agent of typhoid fever.
Answer:
Salmonella typhi

Question 6.
What is Rh factor?
Answer:
Antigen ‘D’ present on the surface of RBCs is known as Rh factor.

Question 7
What is schizont?
Answer:
Schizont is a ring-like form produced from merozoites inside the erythrocytes of human beings, infected by Plasmodium, which again forms new merozoites.

Question 8.
Name the addicting component found in tobacco.
Answer:
Nicotine



Question 9.
Name the pathogen causing Malaria.
Answer:
Plasmodium vivax

Question 10.
Name the vector of Filariasis.
Answer:
Female Culex mosquito

Question 11.
Name of the causative agent of ringworm.
Answer:
Trichophyton

Question 12.
Health
Answer:
Health is defined as the state of complete physical, mental and social well¬being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

3. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are acquired diseases?
Answer:
Diseases which are developed after the birth of an individual are called acquired diseases. These are of two types, viz. (a) Communicable or infectious diseases and (b) Non- communicable or Non-infectious diseases. Communicable or infectious diseases are transmitted from infected person to another healthy person either directly or indirectly. They are caused due to pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi, helminth worms, etc. Non-communicable or Non-infectious diseases cannot be transmitted from infected person to another healthy one either directly or indirectly.

Question 2.
Antigen and antibody.
Answer:

Antigen	Antibody
1. Antigens are foreign proteins which are capable of producing infection.	1. Antibodies are immunoglobulins produced by the body to act against the antigens.
2. The structure of antigens is variable dependent upon the type of pathogen.	2. The structure of antibody is Y-shaped.
3. The antigen is the ‘non-self’ molecule.	3. The antibody is ‘self’ molecule.
4. The antigens have epitope sites which bind with the antibody molecule.	4. The antibodies have paratope sites which bind with the antigen molecule.

Question 3.
Name the infective stage of Plasmodium. Give Symptoms of malaria
Answer:
Sporozoite
I. Symptoms of malaria:

II. Spread / Transmission of malaria:

Question 4.
Explain the mode of infection and cause of elephantiasis.
Answer:
Mode of infection, i.e. transmission:

Question 5.
Why is smoking a bad habit?
Answer:

Question 6.
What do the abbreviations AMIS and CMIS denote?
Answer:
AMIS is Antibody-mediated immune system or humoral immunity and CMIS is cell- mediated immune system.

Question 7.
What is a carcinogen? Name one chemical carcinogen with its target tissue.
Answer:

Question 8.
Active immunity and passive immunity.
Answer:

Active immunity	Passive immunity
1. Active immunity is produced in response to entry of pathogens and their antigenic stimuli.	1. Passive immunity is produced due to antibodies that are transferred to the body.
2. Active immunity is the long lasting immunity.	2. Passive immunity is short-lived immunity.
3. In active immunity, the body produces its own antibodies.	3. In passive immunity, antibodies are given to the body from outside.
4. Natural acquired active immunity is obtained due to infections by pathogens.	4. Natural acquired passive immunity is obtained through antibodies of mother transmitted- to baby by placenta or colostrum.
5. Artificial acquired active immunity is obtained through vaccinations. These vaccines contain dead or live but attenuated pathogens.	5. Artificial acquired passive immunity is also obtained through vaccinations, but here the vaccines contain the readymade antibodies which are prepared with the help of other animals such as horses.

4. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
B-cells and T-cells.
Answer:

B-cells	T-cells.
1. B-cells are type of lymphocyte whose origin is in bone marrow but maturation is in blood.	1. T-cells are type of lymphocytes which originate in bone marrow but maturation occurs in thymus.
2. B-cells Eire type of lymphocytes which are involved in humoral mediated immunity.	2. T-cells are type of lymphocytes which are involved in cell-mediated immunity.
3. 20% of lymphocytes present in the blood are B-cells.	3. 80% of lymphocytes present in the blood are T-cells.
4. Two types of B-cells are Memory cells and Plasma cells.	4. T-cells are of following subtypes : Cytotoxic T-cells, helper T-cells, suppressor T-cells.
5. They are involved in antibody mediated immunity. (AMI)	5. They are involved in cell-mediated immunity (CMI).
6. B-cells produced antibodies with which they fight against pathogens.	6. T-cells do not produce antibodies.
7. B-cells have membrane bound immunoglobulins located on the surface.	7. There is a presence of T cell receptors on the T-cell surface.

Question 2.
What are the symptoms of malaria? How does malaria spread?
Answer:
Symptoms of malaria:

Question 3.
AIDS.
Answer:
(1) AIDS or the acquired immuno deficiency syndrome, is fatal viral disease caused by a retrovirus (ss RNA) known as the human immuno deficiency virus (HIV) which weakens the body’s immune system. It is called a modern pandemic.

(2) The HIV attacks the immune system which in turn causes many opportunistic infections, neurological disorders and unusual malignancies ultimately leading to death.

(3) AIDS was first noticed in USA in 1981 whereas in India, first confirmed case of AIDS was in April 1986 from Tamil Nadu.

(4) HIV is transmitted through body fluids such as saliva, tears, nervous system tissue, spinal fluid, blood, semen, vaginal fluid and breast milk. However, only blood, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk generally transmit infection to others.

(5) The transmission of HIV occurs by sexual contact, through blood and blood products and by contaminated syringes, needles, etc. There is also transplacental transmission or through breast milk at the time of nursing.

(6) Accidental needle injury, artificial insemination with infected donated semen and transplantation with infected organs are some of the rare occasions of transmission of HIV.

(7) HIV infection is not spread by casual contact such as hugging, bite of mosquitoes or using other objects touched by a patient.

(8) Acute HIV infection progresses over time to asymptomatic HIV infection and then to early symptomatic HIV infection. Later, it progresses to full blown AIDS when patient shows advanced HIV infection with CD4 T-cell count below 200 cells/mm.

Question 4.
Give the symptoms of cancer.
Answer:
Symptoms of cancer:

Question 5.
Antigens on blood cells.
Answer:

Question 6.
Antigen-antibody complex:
Img 1
Answer:

Question 7.
What are the various public health measures, which you would suggest as safeguard against infectious diseases?
Answer:
Infectious diseases spread through pathogens, therefore, it is an important duty of each person to decrease the risk of infecting our own self or others. This can be achieved by

Question 8.
How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place?
(a) Amoebiasis:
Answer:
Amoebiasis is usually transmitted by the following ways:

(b) Malaria:
Answer:
Symptoms of malaria:

(c) Ascariasis:
Answer:

(d) Pneumonia:
Answer:

Question 9.
What measures would you take to prevent water-borne diseases?
Answer:



Question 10.
Typhoid.
Answer:
Typhoid is an infective disease caused by Gram-ve bacterium, Salmonella typhi.
(1) It is food and water-borne infection. In the intestinal lumen of infected person this bacteria is found.

(2) The bacterium has “O” – antigen, which is a lipopolysaccharide (LPS), present on surface coat and its flagella has “H” – antigen. Thus it becomes pathogenic.

(3) Signs and Symptoms of typhoid are as follows:
Prolonged and high fever with nausea, fatigue, headache.
Abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhoea. In severe cases rose-coloured rash is seen on skin. Tongue shows white coating and there is cough. Anorexia or loss of appetite is seen. In chronic cases there is breathlessness, irregular heartbeats and haemorrhage.

(4) Poor hygiene habits and poor sanitation and insects like houseflies and cockroaches spread typhoid.

(5) Typhoid is diagnosed by Widal test.

(6) Antibiotics like Chloromycetin can cure typhoid. Preventive vaccines such as oral Ty21a vaccine and injectable typhim vi and typherix against typhoid are also available. Chronic cases need surgical removal of gall bladder.

5. Match the following.

Column I	Column II
(a) AIDS	(i) Antibody production
(b) Lysozyme	(ii) Activation of B-cells
(c) B-cells	(iii) Immunoglobulin
(d) T-helper cells	(iv) Tears
(e) Antibody	(v) Immuno deficiency

Answer:

Column I	Column II
(a) AIDS	(v) Immuno deficiency
(b) Lysozyme	(iv) Tears
(c) B-cells	(i) Antibody production
(d) T-helper cells	(ii) Activation of B-cells
(e) Antibody	(iii) Immunoglobulin

6. Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Describe the structure of antibody.
Answer:
Img 2

Question 2.
Vaccination.
Answer:

Question 3.
What is cancer? Differentiate between benign tumour and malignant tumour. The main five types of cancer
Answer:
I. Cancer : Cancer is a disease caused by uncontrolled cell division due to disturbed cell cycle.

II. Difference between benign tumour and malignant tumour:

Benign tumour	malignant tumour
1. Benign tumour is localized and it does not spread to neighbouring areas.	1. Malignant tumour starts as local but spreads rapidly to neighbouring areas.
2. Benign tumour is enclosed in connective tissue sheath.	2. Malignant tumour is not enclosed in connective tissue sheath.
3. Benign tumour compresses the surrounding normal tissue.	3. Malignant tumour invades and destroys the surrounding tissue.
4. Benign tumours can be removed surgically.	4. Malignant tumours need further treatment after removal.
5. Except for brain tumour, benign tumours are usually not fatal.	5. Malignant tumours are fatal.
6. Benign tumours do not show metastasis.	6. Malignant tumours show metastasis.
7. Benign tumours are well differentiated.	7. Malignant tumours are poorly differentiated.
8. Benign tumours show slow and progressive growth.	8. Malignant tumours show rapid and erratic growth.

III. The main five types of cancer:

Types of Cancer : According to the tissue affected, the cancers are classified into five main types. These are as follows:



Question 4.
Describe the different type of immunity.
Answer: There are two basic types of immunity, viz. innate immunity and acquired immunity.
(A) Innate immunity:

(B) Acquired immunity:

Question 5.
Describe the ill-effects of alcoholism on health.
Answer:

Question 6.
In your view, what motivates the youngsters to take to alcohol or drugs and how can this be avoided?
Answer:
I. Taking drugs or alcohol:

II. Methods/measures to avoid drug abuse:



Question 7.
Do you think that friends can influence one to take alcohol/drugs? If yes, how may one protect himself/herself from such an influence?
Answer:
Friends can influence one to take alcohol and drugs, if a boy or girl is timid and non-communicative with his or her parents and teachers. It also depends on the personality of the indtvidual. In the adolescent age, many fall in trap due to such peer pressure. The confusion in the mind and role of hormones playing on the psyche and thought process makes one unable to understand the hazards of such habits. Also there is curiosity to do these experimentations due to bad influence of media.

If there is complete trust and friendship with sensible parents, then such influence does not work. One should protect himself or herself by a strong denial. Communicating such incidents to an elder in whom a boy or girl can confide, is very important. One should tell his or her friends about the ill-effects of alcohol and drugs. He should be made aware of these aspects that he or she has learnt in this lesson.