Distributional maps, endogenetic and exogenetic processes, precipitation, sea water, the International Date Line, economics, trade, urbanisation, transport and tourism · Textbook: Geography – Class 9
Chapter 1 Distributional Maps
How can one map show at a glance where most people live, where it rains the most or how crowded each taluka is? This chapter introduces distributional (thematic) maps and the three ways of drawing them: the dot method, the choropleth method and the isopleth method. You will learn which kind of data each method needs, how to choose the right method, and how to plan and report a geographical field visit. Worked examples and answers to the whole Exercise are included.
Chapter 2 Endogenetic Movements
What makes mountains rise, valleys sink and the ground suddenly shake? This chapter explains the endogenetic (internal) movements that start inside the Earth. You will learn how slow movements build fold mountains, block mountains, rift valleys and continents, and how sudden movements cause earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. It also covers focus and epicentre, the three kinds of seismic waves, types of volcanoes and why most of them lie along plate boundaries. Answers to the whole Exercise are included.
Chapter 3 Exogenetic Processes Part-1
Why do old forts crack, statues lose their shape and rocks on hills peel like onions? This chapter begins the study of exogenetic (external) processes — forces acting on the Earth's surface. You will learn the three kinds of weathering (mechanical, chemical and biological), how weathered material slides downhill as mass movement, and how landslides, rockfalls and soil creep happen. Answers to the whole Exercise are included.
Chapter 4 Exogenetic Processes Part-2
How does a river cut a deep gorge in one place and build a fan-shaped delta in another? This chapter looks at the five agents that erode, carry and deposit material — rivers, glaciers, wind, sea waves and groundwater — and the landforms each one makes. You will learn to tell erosional landforms from depositional ones and to name each landform from a diagram. Answers to the whole Exercise are included.
Chapter 5 Precipitation
Where does dew on grass come from, why does Kashmir get snow but Maharashtra does not, and why does Konkan get so much more rain than Marathwada? This chapter explains condensation and the forms of precipitation — snow, hail and rain — and the three types of rainfall: convectional, orographic and cyclonic. You will also learn about fog, dew and frost, the rain gauge, the effects of rainfall and acid rain. Answers to the whole Exercise are included.
Chapter 6 The Properties of Sea Water
Why is sea water warm at the surface but cold deep down, why is the Red Sea saltier than the Baltic, and why can nobody sink in the Dead Sea? This chapter studies three key properties of sea water — temperature, salinity and density — how they change with latitude and depth, and how they drive ocean currents that shape the world's climate. Answers to the whole Exercise are included.
Chapter 7 International Date Line
When people in New Zealand are already celebrating New Year, people in America are still having lunch on the last day of the old year. So where on Earth does a new day actually begin? This chapter explains the International Date Line (IDL) — the line in the Pacific Ocean where the calendar date changes — why it zig-zags instead of following the 180° meridian exactly, and how travellers adjust the day when they cross it. Worked time-and-day problems and answers to the whole Exercise are included.
Chapter 8 Introduction to Economics
Every family has to fit its spending into its income — and that same problem, on a much bigger scale, is what economics is about. This chapter explains where the word 'economics' comes from, how famous thinkers defined it, the three types of economies (capitalist, socialist and mixed), the factors that shape a country's economy, what globalisation means and the main jobs every economy has to do. A worked budget example and answers to the whole Exercise are included.
Chapter 9 Trade
The toothpaste, rice and phone charger in your home were made in different places and reached you through a chain of buyers and sellers. That chain is trade. This chapter covers why regions trade, barter and money, visible and invisible trade, wholesale and retail, domestic and international trade, imports and exports, the balance of trade, world trade organisations such as the WTO, OPEC and SAARC, and why good marketing and honest advertising matter. Worked balance-of-trade examples and answers to the whole Exercise are included.
Chapter 10 Urbanisation
A factory comes up beside a farming village. Soon there are new roads, shops, a hospital and apartment blocks — and the village slowly turns into a town. This chapter explains how that change, called urbanisation, happens: how the Census decides what is 'urban', how India's urban population has grown, the causes (industry, trade, transport, mechanisation, migration), the benefits of city life and its problems such as slums, traffic jams, pollution and crime. Worked examples and answers to the whole Exercise are included.
Chapter 11 Transport and Communication
Whether you need to rush to Bhopal for an emergency or send Alphonso mangoes to the Gulf, choosing the right route and vehicle saves time and money. This chapter explains the factors behind choosing transport, why transport is a measure of development, how landforms decide where roads and railways run (with the Satara district maps), ideas like RoRo and the Green Corridor, and how communication — from the post office to satellites, mobile apps and the internet — connects us, along with the dangers of cyber crime. Worked examples and answers to the whole Exercise are included.
Chapter 12 Tourism
Beaches, forts, temples, tiger reserves, hill stations, film studios and even farms — people travel to all of them for fun and learning. This chapter explains what tourism is, domestic and international tourism, the many types of tourism (religious, historical, eco, agro, film, health, adventure), special tourist trains, the role of MTDC and GPS, and how tourism helps the economy, the environment, health and society. A trip-cost example and answers to the whole Exercise, including the Maharashtra tourism map, are included.
