भाषासूत्रम् २Class 9 Sanskrit Anand Chapter 0 Notes – Maharashtra Board

Textbook: Sanskrit Anand – Std IX (संस्कृत आनन्द, संयुक्त) (Balbharati, official free PDF) · pages 39–44

The second grammar section has two main parts. (अ) The विधिलिङ् लकार — the 'should / may / could' mood — with full tables for eight verbs. (आ) An introduction to compounds (समास): what a compound is, how it differs from sandhi, the four kinds by 'which word is main', and the first kind in detail — द्वन्द्व (इतरेतर and समाहार). The रम्यसंस्कृतम् pages that follow teach the number words एक, द्वि, त्रि, चतुर् in all genders and cases, with two jokes at the end.

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Summary: भाषासूत्रम् २

छात्राः पठन्तु (let students study — expectation) and छात्राः पठेयुः (students should / may study) — the second form is the विधिलिङ्. It expresses advice, blessing, prayer, duty, possibility and sometimes the future: जीवेत् शरदः शतम्; मतिमान् स्वस्थानं न परित्यजेत्.

Endings — परस्मैपद: इत्, इताम्, इयुः / इः, इतम्, इत / इयम्, इव, इम (joined with the stem's अ they give पठेत्, पठेयुः, पठेयम्…). आत्मनेपद: ईत, ईयाताम्, ईरन् / ईथाः, ईयाथाम्, ईध्वम् / ईय, ईवहि, ईमहि (रमेत, रमेरन्…).

A समास (compound) 'packs' words together: अरण्ये वृक्षाः, खगाः, पशवः च → वृक्षखगपशवः. संक्षेपः नाम समासः — shortening is the purpose.

Sandhi is about sound; समास is about meaning. In a compound the case endings of the first word drop: सूर्यस्य उदयः → सूर्य + उदयः → सूर्योदयः. Compounds are of four kinds by the main word: अव्ययीभाव (first word main: प्रतिदिनम्), तत्पुरुष (second: दशरथपुत्रः), द्वन्द्व (both: रामलक्ष्मणौ), बहुव्रीहि (another: नीलकण्ठः).

द्वन्द्व is of two types: इतरेतर — each item counted, compound in dual or plural (चन्द्रसूर्यौ, बालकबालिकाः); समाहार — items taken as one group, neuter singular (हस्तपादम्, मूषकमार्जारम्, तिलगुडम्).

Key points to remember

  • विधिलिङ् = विधि + अर्थ: advice, blessing, prayer, duty, possibility, future
  • परस्मैपद विधिलिङ् of पठ्: पठेत् पठेताम् पठेयुः / पठेः पठेतम् पठेत / पठेयम् पठेव पठेम
  • आत्मनेपद of रम्: रमेत रमेयाताम् रमेरन् / रमेथाः रमेयाथाम् रमेध्वम् / रमेय रमेवहि रमेमहि
  • समासः = 'where words are well put together'; purpose: brevity
  • Sandhi: sound main, no dropping of endings; समास: meaning main, endings dropped
  • पूर्वपदम् + उत्तरपदम् = सामासिकपदम्
  • Four types: अव्ययीभाव, तत्पुरुष, द्वन्द्व, बहुव्रीहि
  • इतरेतर द्वन्द्व: dual for two, plural for more; gender of the last word
  • समाहार द्वन्द्व: always neuter singular; विग्रह uses एतयोः/एतेषाम् समाहारः
  • Numbers: एक always singular, द्वि dual, त्रि and चतुर् plural; all three genders
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