भाषासूत्रम् २Class 9 Sanskrit Amod Chapter 0 Notes – Maharashtra Board

Textbook: Sanskrit Amod – Std IX (संस्कृत आमोद, संपूर्ण) (Balbharati, official free PDF) · pages 49–55

The second grammar unit has two parts: (अ) the विधिलिङ् लकार — the 'should / may' mood used for advice, duty, blessing, possibility and prayer — and (आ) समासाः, how Sanskrit joins words into compounds, with a close look at the द्वन्द्व compound. A Mumbai essay, a song, quick general-knowledge questions and the रम्यसंस्कृतम् box on the numbers एक to चतुर् (सङ्ख्याविशेषणानि-१) complete the unit.

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Summary: भाषासूत्रम् २

लोट् shows a wish or order (छात्राः पठन्तु), while विधिलिङ् (विध्यर्थः) shows advice, duty, blessing, prayer, possibility or a future hope: छात्रः प्रत्यूषे उत्तिष्ठेत् (advice), जीवेत् शरदः शतम् (blessing), अहम् अभिनेत्री भवेयम् (future hope).

विधिलिङ् endings — परस्मैपद: त्, ताम्, युः / स्, तम्, त / यम्, व, म (joined with the stem's अ as -एत्, -एताम्, -एयुः …); आत्मनेपद: -एत, -एयाताम्, -एरन् / -एथाः, -एयाथाम्, -एध्वम् / -एय, -एवहि, -एमहि. Full tables: पठ्, नृत्, लिख्, पूज् (परस्मैपद) and रम्, मन्, दिश्, मन्त्र् (आत्मनेपद).

A समास packs words into one by dropping their case endings: सूर्यस्य प्रकाशः → सूर्यप्रकाशः. In सन्धि sounds join and endings stay; in समास meaning leads and endings drop — and sandhi can then happen inside the compound (सूर्य + उदयः = सूर्योदयः).

By which part is important, there are four kinds: अव्ययीभाव (first part, प्रतिदिनम्), तत्पुरुष (second part, दशरथपुत्रः), द्वन्द्व (both parts, रामलक्ष्मणौ) and बहुव्रीहि (some other thing, नीलकण्ठः). The द्वन्द्व is of two types: इतरेतर (चन्द्रसूर्यौ, dual/plural) and समाहार (हस्तपादम्, a single neuter collective).

रम्यसंस्कृतम्: एक is always singular, द्वि always dual, त्रि and चतुर् always plural, and each changes with gender — एकः बालः / एका बाला / एकं वनम्; द्वौ, द्वे; त्रयः, तिस्रः, त्रीणि; चत्वारः, चतस्रः, चत्वारि.

Key points to remember

  • विधिलिङ् uses: उपदेशः, कर्तव्यम्, आशीर्वादः, प्रार्थना, शक्यता, future hope
  • परस्मैपद: पठेत् पठेताम् पठेयुः / पठेः पठेतम् पठेत / पठेयम् पठेव पठेम
  • आत्मनेपद: रमेत रमेयाताम् रमेरन् / रमेथाः रमेयाथाम् रमेध्वम् / रमेय रमेवहि रमेमहि
  • समास: words combined, case endings dropped; पूर्वपदम् + उत्तरपदम्
  • सन्धि = sound-based, endings stay; समास = meaning-based, endings drop
  • अव्ययीभाव, तत्पुरुष, द्वन्द्व, बहुव्रीहि — by which part's meaning is main
  • इतरेतरद्वन्द्व: विग्रह with च after each word; compound dual or plural
  • समाहारद्वन्द्व: a collective, always neuter singular (तिलगुडम्)
  • एक, द्वि, त्रि, चतुर् change with gender; त्रि → तिसृ, चतुर् → चतसृ in feminine
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