विध्यर्थमालाClass 9 Sanskrit Anand Chapter 4 Notes – Maharashtra Board

Summary: विध्यर्थमाला

Verse 1: a pleasure-seeker should give up learning, and a learner should give up pleasure — where is learning for one who wants comfort, and where is comfort for one who wants learning?

Verse 2: place your foot after checking with your eyes, drink water filtered through cloth, speak words purified by truth, and act as your conscience (mind) approves.

Verse 3: wish for wealth you do not have, guard carefully what you get, increase what you have guarded, and give the increased wealth at holy places — four stages of handling money.

Verse 4: conquer anger by calmness, the wicked by goodness, the miser by giving and falsehood by truth. Verse 5: every day a person should examine his own conduct — is it like that of animals, or like that of good people?

Extras: वृद्धि (नैतद्), यण् (इत्यपि), अयादि (द्वावेव) and विसर्ग sandhi; कर्तृवाच्य — the verb agrees with the subject in person and number; क्तवतु past forms like बालः जलं पीतवान्, दीपा नर्तितवती.

Key points to remember

• विधिलिङ् = 'should / ought to' (विध्यर्थ); ending -एत् in third person singular
• सुखार्थी × विद्यार्थी — comfort and study don't go together
• -पूत = purified: दृष्टिपूत, वस्त्रपूत, सत्यपूत, मनःपूत
• Wealth: desire → protect → increase → donate (तीर्थेषु)
• Conquer: क्रोध by अक्रोध, असाधु by साधु, कदर्य by दान, अनृत by सत्य
• प्रत्यवेक्षेत — look back daily at your own conduct
• वृद्धि: अ/आ + ए/ऐ = ऐ; अ/आ + ओ/औ = औ
• यण्: इ/ई → य्, उ/ऊ → व् before an unlike vowel; अयादि: ए→अय्, ऐ→आय्, ओ→अव्, औ→आव्
• कर्तृवाच्य: कर्ता in प्रथमा, कर्म in द्वितीया, verb follows the कर्ता
• क्तवतु: masculine -वान्, feminine -वती, plural -वन्तः / -वत्यः

विध्यर्थमाला – Notes

1. Verses 1 and 2 — study and purity

• सुखार्थी = one who wants comfort; विद्यार्थी = one who wants learning. चेत् = if. The verse uses a neat mirror pattern: comfort-seeker gives up learning; learner gives up comfort.
• कुतः = from where? i.e. 'there is no way'. A rhetorical question that means learning needs effort and sacrifice.
• Verse 2 gives four rules with -पूत (cleaned): look before you step (safety), filter water through cloth (health), speak only truth (speech), do what your conscience approves (action).
• Verbs: न्यसेत् (should place), पिबेत् (should drink), वदेत् (should speak), समाचरेत् (should act) — all विधिलिङ् प्रथमपुरुष एकवचन.

2. Verse 3 — four stages of wealth

• अलब्धम् = not yet obtained. One should desire it (काङ्क्षेत — आत्मनेपद विधिलिङ्), i.e. try to earn.
• लब्धम् = what is obtained: protect it with effort (प्रयत्नतः रक्षेत्).
• रक्षितम् = what is protected: grow it properly (वर्धयेत्). वृद्धम् = what has grown: give it at holy places (तीर्थेषु निक्षिपेत्), i.e. use it for good causes.
• Correct order of the exercise: इच्छा → रक्षणम् → वर्धनम् → तीर्थेषु दानम्.

3. Verses 4 and 5 — winning and self-check

• Verse 4 (from the महाभारत tradition) teaches how to defeat each fault with its opposite virtue: अक्रोधेन क्रोधम्, साधुना असाधुम्, दानेन कदर्यम् (miser), सत्येन अनृतम् (lie).
• The instrument of victory is in the तृतीया: अक्रोधेन, साधुना, दानेन, सत्येन. चानृतम् = च + अनृतम्.
• Verse 5: प्रत्यहम् = every day; प्रत्यवेक्षेत = should examine closely; आत्मनः चरितम् = one's own conduct. Ask: किं नु मे पशुभिः तुल्यम्? किं नु सत्पुरुषैः?
• Sandhi in verse 5: पशुभिः + तुल्यम् = पशुभिस्तुल्यम्; किम् + नु = किन्नु; सत्पुरुषैः + इति = सत्पुरुषैरिति; नरः + चरितम् = नरश्चरितम्.

4. Sandhi pages: वृद्धि, यण्, अयादि, विसर्ग

• वृद्धि: न + एव = नैव; न + एतद् = नैतद्; रथस्य + एकम् = रथस्यैकम्; मम + ऐश्वर्यम् = ममैश्वर्यम्; मम + ओजः = ममौजः; तव + औदार्यम् = तवौदार्यम्.
• यण्: इति + अपि = इत्यपि; वहामि + अहम् = वहाम्यहम्; अस्ति + उत्तरस्याम् = अस्त्युत्तरस्याम्; मनु + अन्तरम् = मन्वन्तरम्.
• अयादि: ए/ऐ + vowel → अय्/आय् (समीपे + एव = समीपयेव, often written समीप एव); ओ/औ + vowel → अव्/आव् (द्वौ + एव = द्वावेव; तौ + अपि = तावपि; सुहृदौ + आस्ताम् = सुहृदावास्ताम्).
• विसर्ग sandhi — 'the world of the visarga': ओ (रामो गच्छति; सोऽहम् with avagraha), स् (देवस्तथा), ष् (बालष्षष्ठः), श् (हरिश्शेते), र् (तैरपि, देवैर्न), dropped (सूर्य इव), unchanged before क, ख, प, फ (कः परः).

5. रम्यसंस्कृतम्: क्रियापदं किं कथयति? and कः कृतवान्?

• One verb tells a lot: पठति = action of reading, परस्मैपद, third person, singular, present tense (लट्), class marker अ. It also reveals the doer's person and number.
• कर्तृवाच्य (active voice): कर्ता in the प्रथमा, कर्म in the द्वितीया, verb follows the कर्ता: मधुरा सुधाखण्डान् आनयति (3rd sg.); वयं ग्रन्थं पठामः (1st pl.).
• क्तवतु forms tell a completed past action and behave like adjectives of the doer: बालः जलं पीतवान्; अनीशः गतवान्; छात्राः खेलितवन्तः; महिला क्षिप्तवती; दीपा नर्तितवती; ताः प्रक्षालितवत्यः.
• Endings: masculine -वान् / -वन्तः, feminine -वती / -वत्यः. So 'आपणिकः देवं नतवती' is wrong (नतवान्), and 'एताः क्रीडितवन्तः' is wrong (क्रीडितवत्यः).

विधिलिङ् verbs in the five verses

Key terms

विध्यर्थमाला – Flashcards

Read the question, answer it in your head, then tap the card to check. 20 cards.

विध्यर्थमाला – MCQ Quiz

15 questions. Tap an option — you will see at once if it is right and why.

How to study विध्यर्थमाला

⏱ About 45 minutes

1. Learn the verses (15 min)
   Read each verse with its prose order; say its advice in one English line; memorise two verses.
2. Sandhi and क्तवतु (15 min)
   Make a chart of वृद्धि, यण्, अयादि with two examples each; write -वान् / -वती forms of ten verbs.
3. Practice (15 min)
   Do the 'Try it yourself' answers, take the quiz, revise flashcards and play 🎮 Play.