भाषासूत्रम् १Class 9 Sanskrit Amod Chapter 0 Notes – Maharashtra Board

Textbook: Sanskrit Amod – Std IX (संस्कृत आमोद, संपूर्ण) (Balbharati, official free PDF) · pages 21–32

The first big grammar unit of Class 9. It covers उकारान्त and ऋकारान्त nouns (भानु, धेनु, मधु, पितृ, मातृ, कर्तृ), the pronouns इदम् and भवत्, words that demand a fixed case (उपपदविभक्ति), the अव्यय made from verbs (-त्वा, -य, -तुम्), the imperative (लोट् लकार), telling the time in Sanskrit, the potential mood (किं कुर्यात्?) and the vowel sandhis गुण, वृद्धि, यण् and अयादि.

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Summary: भाषासूत्रम् १

Nouns are grouped by their last vowel and gender. This unit gives full tables for भानु (masc.), धेनु (fem.) and मधु (neut.) — all उकारान्त — plus the ऋकारान्त words पितृ, मातृ (relations) and कर्तृ (agent nouns made from roots, like कर्ता 'doer', नेता 'leader').

Pronouns: इदम् (this) in all three genders — अयम्, इयम्, इदम् — and the respectful pronoun भवत् (भवान् / भवती), which always takes a third-person verb even though it means 'you'.

उपपदविभक्ति: some अव्यय fix the case of the noun with them — अभितः, परितः, उभयतः, प्रति take the 2nd case; सह, अलम् the 3rd; नमः the 4th; बहिः the 5th; कृते, समीपे the 6th; विना the 2nd, 3rd or 5th.

धातुसाधित अव्यय: -त्वा (no prefix) and -य (with prefix) show the earlier of two actions by one doer; -तुम् shows purpose. A long table gives क्त्वा, ल्यप् and तुमुन् forms of about 40 roots. लोट् लकार expresses order, wish, blessing and permission, in both परस्मैपद and आत्मनेपद.

Also here: telling time (पञ्चाधिक-पञ्चवादनम् = 5:05, दशोन-त्रिवादनम् = 2:50), a school programme sheet, the विधिलिङ् 'should' forms (पठेत्, रमेत), and the स्वरसन्धि types गुण (देवेन्द्रः), वृद्धि (नैतद्), यण् (इत्यपि) and अयादि (द्वावेव).

Key points to remember

  • भानु (m) like मनु, विष्णु, गुरु, साधु; धेनु (f) like तनु, रज्जु; मधु (n) like वस्तु, अम्बु, दारु
  • Desire words in -उ: जिज्ञासुः, पिपासुः, बुभुक्षुः, विजिगीषुः, चिकीर्षुः
  • पितृ: पिता पितरौ पितरः; मातृ: माता मातरौ मातरः; कर्तृ: कर्ता कर्तारौ कर्तारः
  • Agent nouns: कर्ता / कर्त्री, नेता / नेत्री, श्रोता / श्रोत्री
  • इदम्: अयम् (m), इयम् (f), इदम् (n); भवान् / भवती + 3rd-person verb
  • उपपदविभक्ति: परितः + 2nd, सह + 3rd, नमः + 4th, बहिः + 5th, कृते + 6th
  • -त्वा / -य / -तुम् are अव्यय — they never change with doer, gender or number
  • लोट् endings (परस्मैपद): तु ताम् अन्तु / – तम् त / आनि आव आम
  • Time: अधिक = past (after), ऊन = to (before) the hour; वादनम् = o'clock
  • Sandhi: गुण (ए, ओ, अर्), वृद्धि (ऐ, औ), यण् (य्, व्, र्), अयादि (अय्, आय्, अव्, आव्)
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