विध्यर्थमालाClass 9 Sanskrit Amod Chapter 4 Notes – Maharashtra Board

Summary: विध्यर्थमाला

Verse 1: a seeker of comfort should give up learning, and a seeker of learning should give up comfort — the two do not go together. Verse 2: place your foot where your eyes have checked, drink water strained through cloth, speak words purified by truth and act as your conscience approves.

Verse 3 gives four steps about wealth: wish for money you do not yet have, guard what you have earned with care, make the guarded money grow, and give the increased money to worthy causes (तीर्थेषु).

Verse 4: conquer anger with calm, the wicked with goodness, the miser with generosity and falsehood with truth. Verse 5: in sorrow, look at those who suffer more; in happiness, look at those who have more — and never hand yourself over to grief or joy, as you would not surrender to two enemies.

Verse 6: every day a person should examine his own conduct — is it like that of animals or like that of good people? Verse 7 (advice for a king): think about goals like a heron, attack like a lion, snatch like a wolf and escape like a hare.

रम्यसंस्कृतम्: a verb like पठति tells the action, पद (परस्मैपद), person, number, lakara and the gaṇa marker — and through person and number it also tells us about the doer. In कर्तरि प्रयोगः the doer is in प्रथमा, the object in द्वितीया, and the verb follows the doer's person and number.

Key points to remember

• विधिलिङ् = 'should / ought to' — advice, rule or duty
• Endings (परस्मैपद): एत् एताम् एयुः; (आत्मनेपद): एत एयाताम् एरन्
• Verse 1: सुखार्थी vs विद्यार्थी — comfort and study clash
• Verse 2: four kinds of purity — दृष्टिपूत, वस्त्रपूत, सत्यपूत, मनःपूत
• Verse 3: धन — wish, protect, increase, donate
• Verse 4: conquer opposites with their opposites (अक्रोधेन क्रोधम्)
• Verse 6: daily self-examination (प्रत्यवेक्षेत)
• Verse 7: बकवत्, सिंहवत्, वृकवत्, शशवत् — learn from four animals
• कर्तरि प्रयोगः: कर्ता प्रथमा, कर्म द्वितीया, verb agrees with the doer

विध्यर्थमाला – Notes

1. 4.1 Verses 1–2: study and purity

• Verse 1 uses चेत् (if): सुखार्थी चेत् — if you want comfort, drop learning; विद्यार्थी चेत् — if you want learning, drop comfort. The question कुतः? (from where?) shows that the comfort-seeker gets no learning and the student gets no comfort.
• Sandhi to notice: त्यजेद्विद्याम् = त्यजेत् + विद्याम्; त्यजेत्सुखम् = त्यजेत् + सुखम्; कुतो विद्या = कुतः + विद्या.
• Verse 2 lists four 'purified' things with पूत (made pure): दृष्टिपूतं पादम् (a step checked by the eyes), वस्त्रपूतं जलम् (water filtered through cloth), सत्यपूतां वाणीम् (speech purified by truth), मनःपूतम् (conduct approved by the mind).
• Its four verbs are all विधिलिङ्: न्यसेत् (should place), पिबेत् (should drink), वदेत् (should speak), समाचरेत् (should behave).

2. 4.2 Verses 3–5: money, victory, balance

• Verse 3 follows the money: अलब्धम् (not yet got) → लब्धम् (got) → रक्षितम् (protected) → वृद्धम् (increased). Each stage has its verb: काङ्क्षेत, रक्षेत्, वर्धयेत्, निक्षिपेत्.
• Verse 4 uses the 3rd case for the 'weapon': अक्रोधेन, साधुना, दानेन, सत्येन. कदर्यः = a miser; अनृतम् = untruth. चानृतम् = च + अनृतम्.
• Verse 5: compare yourself with those worse off in sorrow and with those better off in joy, so that neither grief nor pride rules you. शोकहर्षाभ्याम् (by grief and joy) is compared to शत्रुभ्याम् (two enemies).
• नार्पयेत् = न + अर्पयेत् (should not hand over); शत्रुभ्यामिव = शत्रुभ्याम् + इव.

3. 4.3 Verses 6–7: self-check and a king's skills

• Verse 6: प्रत्यहम् (every day) a person should look closely (प्रत्यवेक्षेत) at his own conduct (आत्मनः चरितम्) and ask: is my behaviour like animals or like good people?
• Sandhi: नरश्चरितम् = नरः + चरितम्; पशुभिस्तुल्यम् = पशुभिः + तुल्यम्; किन्नु = किम् + नु; सत्पुरुषैरिति = सत्पुरुषैः + इति.
• Verse 7 compares a king's skills with animals using -वत् (like): बकवत् — think of goals with focus like a heron waiting for fish; सिंहवत् — attack boldly like a lion; वृकवत् — seize suddenly like a wolf; शशवत् — slip away quickly like a hare.
• Sandhi: बकवच्चिन्तयेत् = बकवत् + चिन्तयेत्; शशवच्च = शशवत् + च; चावलुम्पेत = च + अवलुम्पेत; चिन्तयेदर्थान् = चिन्तयेत् + अर्थान्.

4. 4.4 विधिलिङ् लकार — the 'should' mood

• All the verbs in this garland are विधिलिङ्: they give advice, a rule or a duty, not a time. त्यजेत् = should give up; जयेत् = should conquer.
• परस्मैपद (पठ्): पठेत् पठेताम् पठेयुः / पठेः पठेतम् पठेत / पठेयम् पठेव पठेम.
• आत्मनेपद (काङ्क्ष्, प्रति + अव + ईक्ष्, अव + लुम्प्): forms end in -एत: काङ्क्षेत, प्रत्यवेक्षेत, अवलुम्पेत.
• Spot the root: न्यसेत् (नि + अस्), समाचरेत् (सम् + आ + चर्), निक्षिपेत् (नि + क्षिप्), पराक्रमेत् (परा + क्रम्), विनिष्पतेत् (वि + निस् + पत्).

5. रम्यसंस्कृतम् — क्रियापदं किं कथयति? (१)

• The verb is the most important part of a sentence. From पठति alone we learn: the action (reading), परस्मैपद, प्रथमपुरुष, एकवचन, लट् लकार and the class marker (अ).
• It also tells us the doer's person and number: पठति → the doer is 3rd person singular; पठामि → the doer is 'I'.
• Change the doer and the verb changes: बालकः पठति, बालकौ पठतः, बालकाः पठन्ति, अहं पठामि, त्वं पठसि. Such sentences are कर्तृप्रधान (doer-led).
• कर्तरि प्रयोगः (active voice): कर्ता in प्रथमा, कर्म in द्वितीया, verb agrees with the कर्ता — मधुरा सुधाखण्डान् आनयति (3rd sing.); वयं ग्रन्थं पठामः (1st plural).

विधिलिङ् verbs in the garland

Key terms

विध्यर्थमाला – Flashcards

Read the question, answer it in your head, then tap the card to check. 20 cards.

विध्यर्थमाला – MCQ Quiz

15 questions. Tap an option — you will see at once if it is right and why.

How to study विध्यर्थमाला

⏱ About 40 minutes

1. Learn (20 min)
   Learn the seven verses (two or three a day); for each, say the advice in one English line and underline its विधिलिङ् verb.
2. Grammar (8 min)
   Write the विधिलिङ् table of पठ् and रम्, and analyse two sentences as कर्ता–कर्म–क्रियापदम्.
3. Practice (12 min)
   Write the 'Try it yourself' answers, solve the quiz, revise the flashcards and play the 🎮 Play game.